In Cartography, topographic maps and thematic maps are distinguished.

In the case of topographic maps, the situation, water bodies, landforms, landcover and a set of other elements for general orientation as well as labels form the main content of the map. [International Association of Cartography, 1972]

Thematic maps mainly consist of phenomena and occurrences of non-topographic type, which however, are related to the earth's surface. These are things which have a geospatial location, extent or motion. These can either be real things as well as relationships, functions, hypotheses, mental imaginations, possibilities and projects.

The borders between topographic and thematic maps can not always be clearly drawn. In the following illustration, one example for a topographic map and one example for a thematic map are given. Click on either map to enlarge it.